This allowed any roll of music to be played in any player piano, regardless of who manufactured it. The agreed-upon format was a roll 11.25 inches (286 mm) wide. Player pianos: In stark contrast to almost every other entertainment medium of the 20th century and beyond, a looming format war involving paper roll music for player pianos was averted when industry leaders agreed upon a common format at the Buffalo Convention held in Buffalo, New York in 1908.This assured that once the purchaser had bought a music box, they had to buy the music discs from the same manufacturer. Each manufacturer used its own unique set of disc sizes (which varied depending on the exact model purchased). The principal players were Polyphon, Symphonion (in Europe) and Regina (in the United States). Musical boxes: Several manufacturers introduced musical boxes that utilised interchangeable steel disks that carried the tune.AC, with its more economic transmission would prevail, supplanting DC. Thomas Edison's Edison Electric Light Company tried to protect its patent controlled DC market by playing on the public's fears of the dangers of high voltage AC, portraying their main AC competitor, George Westinghouse's Westinghouse Electric Company, as purveyors of an unsafe system, a back and forth financial and propaganda competition that came to be known as the war of the currents. With the invention of the AC transformer in the mid 1880s, alternating current could be stepped up in voltage for long range transmission and stepped down again for domestic use, making it a much more efficient transmission standard now directly competing with DC for the indoor lighting market. The systems initially ran on direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC) with low voltage DC used for interior lighting and high voltage DC and AC running very bright exterior arc lighting.
alternating current: The 1880s saw the spread of electric lighting with large utilities and manufacturing companies supplying it. By June 1886, all major railroads in North America were using approximately the same gauge. In 1886, the southern railroads agreed to coordinate changing gauge on all their tracks. During the initial period of railroad building, standard gauge was adopted in most of the northeastern United States, while the wider gauge, later called "Russian", was preferred in most of the southern states. Likewise, in the United States, Russian gauge vs.The Gauge War in Britain pitted the Great Western Railway, which used broad gauge, against other rail companies, which used what would come to be known as standard gauge. There is also a social force to stop a format war: when one of them wins as de facto standard, it solves a coordination problem for the format users. Developing companies may be characterized as engaging in a format war if they actively oppose or avoid interoperable open-industry technical standards in favor of their own.Ī format war emergence can be explained because each vendor is trying to exploit cross-side network effects in a two-sided market. It is often characterized by political and financial influence on content publishers by the developers of the technologies. JSTOR ( August 2015) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)Ī format war is a competition between similar but mutually incompatible technical standards that compete for the same market, such as for data storage devices and recording formats for electronic media.Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Retain this information for future reference.This article needs additional citations for verification. which are located either on the rear, bottom or side of the cabinet.
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